10 Ways to Cultivate Good Gut Bacteria and Reduce Depression

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10-Ways-to-Cultivate-Good-Gut-Bacteria-and-Reduce-Depression-722x406We are all born with genes that predispose us to all kinds of things–in my case, most of the psychiatric illnesses listed in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition). And while we have some control over the way our genes express themselves or “turn on” – a new science called epigenetics—we are more or less stuck with our human genome. However, we are by no means permanently attached to a diagnosis of Major Depression Disorder (if that is what mom and dad kindly handed down).

Nope.

Each of us also has a complex collection of bacteria living in our gut—our distinct microbiome—that also has genes. And THOSE genes we can maneuver in any way we want. In their book The Good Gut, scientists Justin and Erica Sonnenburg write:

Since there is much we can do to shape the environment within our gut, we have control over our microbiota and can compensate for the lack of control we have over our human genome. Our microbiome contains one hundred times more genes than our human genome, so in fact there is about 99 percent of associated genetic material that we have the potential to mold in ways that are beneficial to us.

If you doubt the connection between your mood and the critters in your gut, you must read Peter Andrey Smith’s recent piece in the New York Times Magazine called “Can the Bacteria in Your Gut Explain Your Mood?” Not to ruin the suspense, but considering all the optimistic studies he includes, the answer is a resounding YES.

Of course, I’m sold on the research because, in the last 18 months, I have conducted my own gut experiment: eliminating sugar, gluten, dairy, and caffeine; drinking at least one kale smoothie a day; breaking up with my favorite pastime of swimming (chlorine kills good bacteria); taking probiotics and coconut oil; and working with a gastrointestinal doctor on reversing SIBO (small intestine bacteria overgrowth) and treating inflammatory bowel disease. The result is that I haven’t had death thoughts in many months, and I’ve been able to wean off two of my psych meds. Since I have spent a considerable chunk of my free time reading up on gut health as of late, I thought I would summarize for you some ways you can cultivate good bacteria, which translates to a more stable, more resilient mood.

1. Cut out sugar and processed foods

Findings from a recent study at Oregon State University found that a diet high in sugar caused changes in the gut bacteria of mice, impairing the mice’s ability to adjust to change, as well as long-term and short-term memory. In this study, which was just published in the journal Neuroscience, the performance of mice on various tests of mental and physical function began to drop just four weeks after being fed a diet high in fat and sugar. Monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates containing a single molecule of glucose and fructose (a piece of Wonder bread) disrupt a healthy microbial balance because they are digested very easily by us and absorbed into our small intestine without any help from our microbes. That leaves our gut bugs hungry, with nothing to munch on, so they begin nibbling on the mucus lining of our intestine, meant to be a strong barrier between the gut and the rest of the body. When the wall of the intestine is permeated, particles of food enter the bloodstream, and our immune system alerts our brain and other organs to the attack, causing inflammation in various parts of our body. Sugar also feeds organisms like Candida Albican, a kind of fungus that grows in the gut and attacks the intestine wall. These stringy-looking dudes need carbon-based compounds (sugars) to multiply like Gremlins, and when they do, people will start asking you if you’re pregnant and you will feel like you need to up your antidepressant dose.

2. Eat more plants and dietary fiber

Almost every gut expert I’ve read says that changing our diet is the best and most direct route we have for transforming our gut bacteria. They differ on whether or not to include fruits or grains (David Perlmutter, M.D., for example, is against grains and says to limit fruit, while the Sonnenburgs promote grains like brown rice and fruit); however, the opinions are unequivocal on eating more plants—especially green leafy vegetables. By eating more plants, we achieve and maintain microbiota diversity—which is going to lead to a clearer mind and happier disposition. Just as sugar is processed too easily and therefore starves our microbes, dietary fiber, or MACs (microbiota accessible carbohydrates), a term the Sonnenburgs use throughout their book, gives our little guys plenty to feast on. Consuming plenty of MACs (the Sonnenburgs suggest eating 33 to 39 grams of dietary fiber a day) not only will keep our intestinal lining intact, but it will help us sustain a more varied collection of bacteria, which is paramount to good health.

3. Limit antibiotics

My dad died at age 56 of pneumonia. Therefore, I know we can’t afford not to use antibiotics at certain points in our life. However, regular antibiotic use kills the diverse community of our microbiota and therefore wreaks more health hazards than we could have ever imagined when penicillin was first discovered. Broad-spectrum antibiotics don’t discern between what’s beneficial for our health and what’s not. They hold rifles and starts firing at whatever comes into their view—some of the collateral damage being strains of bacteria we need to fight other infections. American children are typically prescribed one course of antibiotics a year. The Sonneburgs claim that that is enough to permanently change that child’s microbiota and affect his or her long-term health. I believe that one of the things that has contributed to my depression in the last four years—and what set off the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that I now have — is being flooded with antibiotics when my appendix ruptured in 2011. A person with a healthy microbiota might have fared just fine. However, I went into surgery with a compromised gut, so it’s understandable why my symptoms of depression and anxiety would persist despite trying multiple medications.

4. Get dirty

Our obsession with sanitization is making us sick. Ironic? The Sonnenburgs cite a recent study in Pediatrics that found that children whose parents sucked on a dirty pacifier instead of boiling it in water were less likely to have eczema than the kids of the sanitization freaks. Two years ago a team of scientists discovered why children who grow up in homes where there is a dog have a lower risk of developing allergies and asthma—they help diversify the microbiome community, of course. The study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America showed that dog ownership is associated with a kind of house dust that exposes important strains of bacteria, like Lactobacillus. I believe it, based on the substantial dust and hairballs that used to grace every corner of our home when we had two Lab-Chow dogs. Soil, especially, has wonderful, healing elements that we need. Gardening or weeding can serve as a way of boosting our immune systems.

Most of the gut experts say we ought to be picky about the household cleaners we use to disinfect our house. Most of them are like antibiotics—they obliterate everything, which includes some of the helpful bacteria we need to stay sane. The Sonnenburgs suggest using less toxic cleaners such as vinegar, castile soap, and lemon juice. Limiting our exposure to such chemicals as chlorine can help protect our health, as well. If you are a swimmer with gut issues, like I was, you might want to think about swapping the activity with a more microbiome-promoting exercise like yoga. And avoid antibacterial soaps and alcohol-based sanitizers if you can.

5. Take a probiotic

In 2013, Sarkis Mazmanian, PhD, a microbiologist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, led a study where he discovered that mice with some features of autism had much lower levels of a common gut bacterium called Bacteroides fragilis than did normal mice. They were stressed, antisocial, and had the same gastrointestinal symptoms often found in autism. Interestingly enough, when the scientists fed the mice B. fragilis (in a probiotic), they reversed their symptoms. In an April study in the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, researchers in the Netherlands provided a multispecies probiotic to 20 healthy individuals without mood disorders for a four-week period and a placebo to 20 other participants. According to the abstract:

Compared to participants who received the placebo intervention, participants who received the four-week multispecies probiotics intervention showed a significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to sad mood, which was largely accounted for by reduced rumination and aggressive thoughts.

But which one do you take? Even Trader Joe’s selection is dizzying. Every expert I’ve read has been hesitant to throw out specific brands and types because every person’s microbiome is unique and benefits from different strains of bacteria. Dr. Perlmutter encourages people to seek probiotics that contain the following species: Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, Bifidobacterium lactis (B. animalis), and Bifidobacterium longum. I think it’s important to consider shelf life and not get a brand that is required to be refrigerated, because I tend not to trust the manufacturers on making sure the bottle was below a certain temperature getting to me.

6. Try fermented foods

Fermented food is the best kind of probiotic you can feed your gut because it typically provides a broad combination of bacteria, so your chances are greater that you’ll get a useful bacteria. Fermentation is by no means a new health movement. People were fermenting food more than 8,000 years ago. In fact, only recently since the invention of the refrigerator, have we not placed a priority on consuming fermented foods, part of the reason we have less of a diversity of gut bugs than we used to. One of the easiest, most common fermented products is yogurt (but make sure it is unsweetened). Other examples are kefir, kimchee, sauerkraut, pickles, and kombucha tea. Note: Be careful about alcohol content in some fermented drinks. I didn’t realize that certain kombucha teas and kefir can have a higher alcoholic percentage than beer, a problem for a recovering alcoholic.

7. Lower stress

When you are stressed, your body will discharge natural steroids and adrenaline, and your immune system will release inflammatory cytokines. This happens whether the threat is real (a bear is approaching your tent in the woods) or not (you can’t stop obsessing about all of your work deadlines). If you tend to be stressed all the time, your immune response never stops sending inflammation messages to all parts of your body, your gut bugs included. The microbiome helps keep our immune system in check. The pair (intestinal bacteria and our immune response) work very closely together to make sure that foreign agents are evacuated as soon as possible, and that we respond to disease more quickly than the IRS responds to our questions about tax returns; however, chronic immune response weakens the health of our guts, just as an unbalanced microbiome causes all kinds of immune diseases (autoimmune disorders, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory bowel disease). So part of healing your gut—or at least keeping your microbiome vital and diverse—is learning how to chill out.

8. Get consistent sleep

This is interesting. Cytokines—or inflammatory messengers—have circadian cycles that are dictated by our gut critters. Dr. Perlmutter explains:

When cortisol levels go up in the morning, the gut bacteria inhibit production of cytokines, and this shift defines the transition between non-REM and REM sleep. Hence, disruption of the gut bacteria can have significant negative effects on sleep and circadian rhythms. Balance the gut, break through insomnia.

The opposite is also true. We balance our gut by practicing good sleep hygiene and getting as close to eight hours of sleep a night as we can. Last year, scientists conducted a study that “demonstrated that circadian disorganization can impact intestinal microbiota which may have implications for inflammatory diseases.”

9. Sweat

Our gut bugs don’t just like us being lazy. They are much happier when we get an aerobic workout. A team of scientists from the University College Cork in Ireland studied the poop of 40 professional rugby players. The results showed that the athletes’ microbiomes were far more diverse than those of two control groups of normal people. In a 2013 control study, 40 rats were assigned to one of four experimental groups: two with free access to exercise and two with no access to exercise. A significant increase in the number of the bacteria Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and B. coccoides–E. rectale group was found in the micriobiota in the rats with access to exercise. In other studies, as well, it appears that exercise induces changes in the gut microbiota that are different than, say, diet. “Several physiological changes that result from exercise, such as increasing intestinal transit time (or flow rate) through the gut, influencing metabolism, and altering immune function, are known to affect the microbiota,” explain the Sonnenburgs.

10. Consume less red meat and animal products

In a study published two years ago in the journal Nature, Harvard scientists had a group of nine volunteers go on two extreme diets. First they ate all meat and cheese. Breakfast was eggs and bacon. Lunch was ribs. For dinner, they ate salami and prosciutto with different kinds of cheese. Snacks consisted of pork rinds. After a break, they began a fiber-rich diet. All of their foods came from plants. The scientists tracked the changes in the volunteers’ microbiome. Within two days of eating the animal diet, the bacteria species in the gut changed. They produced more of the microbe Bilophila, which has been found to cause inflammation and intestinal diseases in mice. According to the researchers, after about three days on the diet, the volunteers’ behavior began to be affected by the change in microbiota. “The microbiota of omnivores, compared to that of vegetarians and vegans, produces more of a chemical that is associated with heart disease,” explain the Sonnenburgs. “That compound, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), is a product of the microbiota metabolizing a chemical abundant in red meat.”

Join the discussion “Improving Gut Health = Improving Depression” on ProjectBeyondBlue.com, the new depression community.

Photo credit: Getty Images; Getty Images; Thinkstock

Published originally on Sanity Break.

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Therese Borchard
I am a writer and chaplain trying to live a simple life in Annapolis, Maryland.

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7 Responses
  1. Mike K

    Good article, lots of great points but your recommendation for probiotics couldn’t be more inaccurate. Probiotics are LIVING bacteria, temperature sensitive and actually quite difficult to keep alive….when you said, “I think it’s important to consider shelf life and not get a brand that is required to be refrigerated, because I tend not to trust the manufacturers on making sure the bottle was below a certain temperature getting to me,” I almost choked on my morning tea because the exact opposite is what you should be looking for — a refrigerated, well cared for probiotic!!

  2. Important points here. It’s good to remember that there are such things as good bacteria – and it’s important to keep a good balance of it. Thanks for sharing these tips!

  3. Anita

    I developed an inconvenient intestinal issue almost a year ago during a bout of severe depression that has persisted?. It seems directly related to the sugars in fruit. (I could live on fruit, except that it kills me). I will investigate some of the documents you have suggested. Thanks for the article.

  4. Sue

    First diagnosed with MS 6yrs ago, then depression followed by hypertension, hyperthyroidism with multi toxic goiter. I have started suffering reflux, I believe from all the meds.

  5. Wonderful tips! I hope I can cut my sugar because I felt depressed whenever I don’t take in sugar so I drink soda to keep me going. I know it’s not healthy but I just can’t help it.